Risk Management Record
Stats
Risk Type Distribution
Top 5 Most Common Harms
RPN Distribution (Controlled)
Control Options Usage
Risks
ID? | Hazard or Use Error? | Type? | Hazardous Situation or Vulnerability? | Foreseeable sequence of events? | Harm? | Risk or Threat? | Security (CIAA)? | User group? | User task? | Cause Requirement(s)? | Affected Asset, Part or People? | Likelihood (Initial)? | Severity (Initial)? | RPN (Initial)? | Control Opt (ABC)? | Implemented mitigation measures? | Mitigation or Control Requirement(s)? | Responsible? | Verification of implementation of risk control measures? | Severity (Controlled)? | Likelihood (Controlled)? | RPN (Controlled)? | Residual risk evaluation? | Verification of effectiveness of risk control measures? | Benefit-risk analysis? | Risks arise from risk control measures?? | Is risk control complete?? | Overall residual risk acceptability? | Threat Model Ref(s)? | Post-Market Plan Ref(s)? |
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R-2TP | The endpoints of the device are not compatible with the user's software | Product | The care provider's IT personnel must develop custom code, which in some cases may not be viable. |
| Delays in patient diagnosis and/or treatment follow up.; User frustration | The name of the endpoints of the device do not follow a standard | IntegrityAvailability | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-5LJ | Managing Organisation | 4 | 3 | 12 | AC | The endpoints of the device follow HL7's FHIR interoperability standard and information in Instructions for Use | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-5LJPRS-9F2 | Technical director | Process for verification is defined in GP-012 Design, redesign and development. In addition, IFU verification is recorded at R-TF-001-006 IFU and label validation 2023_001 to ensure that they include the information (TEST_011_We facilitate the integration of the device into the users' system). HL7's FHIR standard compliance is verified at the TEST_013_The data that users send and receive follows the FHIR healthcare interoperability standard. | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | T-024-006-API-002T-024-006-API-004 | T-024-007-DEP-002T-024-007-INT-002 | ||
R-A96 | Incompatibility in classification systems | Product | Mismatch between the name or code of the ICD class of the medical device and the ones used by the healthcare provider's software |
| Misdiagnosis; User frustration | The name of the endpoints of the device do not follow a standard | PRS-0MCPRS-1XUPRS-5LJPRS-8QJPRS-9J5 | Managing Organisation | 4 | 3 | 12 | AC | The endpoints of the device follow ICD-9, ICD-10 and ICD-11, and they are also mapped to the output | PRS-0MCPRS-1XUPRS-5LJPRS-8QJPRS-9J5 | Technical director | Verification of REQ_004 is recorded in the TEST_004_The user receives an interpretative distribution representation of possible ICD categories represented in the pixels of the image. | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 R-TF-015-003 Clinical Evaluation Report (section: Valid clinical association of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) classes) | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||||
R-HBD | Misrepresentation of magnitude returned by the device | Usability Product | The care provider's system represent a value as if was representing a different magnitude. |
| Misdiagnosis; delay in diagnosis/patient's follow up/treatment | The name of the endpoints of the device do not follow a standard | ITP | Use a stable internet connection | PRS-1XUPRS-5LJ | Managing Organisation | 3 | 3 | 9 | AC | The endpoints of the device follow HL7's FHIR interoperability standard and we developed a integration manual within the IFU that explains the values, as well as a Swagger documentation | PRS-1XUPRS-5LJ | Technical director | IFU verification is recorded at R-TF-001-006 IFU and label validation 2023_001 and in TEST_011 to ensure that they include the information. HL7's FHIR standard compliance is verified at the TEST_013_The data that users send and receive follows the FHIR healthcare interoperability standard. | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||
R-BDR | Misinterpretation of data returned by the device | Product | The care provider's system represent a value as if was representing a different clinical endpoint. |
| This could lead to misdiagnosis; delays in treatment and worsening of the patient's health status. | The name of the endpoints of the device do not follow a standard | PRS-1XUPRS-5LJ | Managing Organisation | 5 | 3 | 15 | C | The endpoints of the device follow HL7's FHIR interoperability standard and we developed a integration manual within the IFU that explains the values, as well as a Swagger documentation We define the minimum user interface requirements to show the medical device outputs to HCPs Minimum user interface requirements are provided in the IFU | PRS-1XUPRS-5LJ | Technical director | IFU verification is recorded at R-TF-001-006 IFU and label validation 2023_001 and in TEST_011 to ensure that they include the information. HL7's FHIR standard compliance is verified at the TEST_013_The data that users send and receive follows the FHIR healthcare interoperability standard. | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||||
R-75H | Incorrect clinical information | Product | The care provider receives into their system data that is erroneous |
| This could lead to misdiagnosis; delays in treatment and worsening of the patient's health status. | The interpretive distribution assigns a low probability to the correct ICD class among the potential ICD classes. | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-5LJPRS-8QJ | Managing Organisation | 4 | 3 | 12 | AC | Information about device outputs are detailed in the IFU. The medical device returns metadata about the output that helps supervising it, such as explainability media and other metrics. AI models undergo retraining using expanded dataset of images. | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-5LJPRS-8QJ | Technical director | Process for verification is defined in GP-012 Design, redesign and development. We specify in the intended purpose of the device that is a support tool, not a diagnosis one, meaning that it must always be used under the supervision of HCPs, who should confirm or validate the output of the device considering the medical history of the patient, and other possible sympthoms they could be suffering, especially those that are not visible or have not been supplied to the device (TEST_011). Verification of the implementation of metadata about the output of the device to help supervising the output: TEST_001, TEST_002, TEST_003 | 3 | 2 | 6 | As far as possible | R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 R-TF-015-003 Clinical Evaluation Report (sections: Instructions for Use, Associated Design Product Requirement, Clinical performance) | Benefits outweigh the risks | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||||
R-DAG | Incorrect diagnosis or follow up | Usability Regulatory | The medical device outputs a wrong result |
| This could lead to misdiagnosis; delays in treatment and worsening of the patient's health status. | The interpretive distribution assigns a low probability to the correct ICD class among the potential ICD classes. | HCP | User logs into the system. | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-5LJPRS-8QJPRS-9J5 | Patient | 4 | 3 | 12 | AC | Information about device outputs are detailed in the IFU. The medical device returns metadata about the output that helps supervising it, such as explainability media and other metrics. The device returns an interpretative distribution representation of possible ICD categories, not just one single condition. AI models undergo retraining using expanded dataset of images. | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-5LJPRS-8QJPRS-9J5 | Technical director | Process for verification is defined in GP-012 Design, redesign and development. Implementation of device output information in the IFU verified in TEST_011. Verification of the implementation of metadata about the output of the device to help supervising the output: TEST_001, TEST_002, TEST_003. Verification of the implementation of interpretative distribution representation of possible ICD categories verified in TEST_004. | 3 | 2 | 6 | As far as possible | R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 R-TF-015-003 Clinical Evaluation Report (sections: Instructions for Use, Associated Design Product Requirement, Valid clinical association of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) classes, Clinical performance) | Benefits outweigh the risks | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||
R-SKK | Incorrect results shown to patient | Usability Cybersecurity Regulatory Artificial Intelligence | The patient see erroneous results. |
| The patient is affected and may suffer anxiety or delays visiting the HCP and their consequent treatment; worsening their health status. | The interpretive distribution assigns a low probability to the correct ICD class among the potential ICD classes.,Patient is using the device without the HCP monitoring | IntegrityAvailability | HCP | User takes a photo of the patient's lesion. | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-4QWPRS-5LJPRS-8QJPRS-9J5 | Patient | 4 | 3 | 12 | AC | Information about device outputs are detailed in the IFU. The medical device returns metadata about the output that helps supervising it, such as explainability media and other metrics. The device returns an interpretative distribution representation of possible ICD categories, not just one single condition. AI models undergo retarining using expanded dataset of images. | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-4QWPRS-5LJPRS-8QJPRS-9J5 | Technical director | Process for verification is defined in GP-012 Design, redesign and development. Implementation of device output information in the IFU verified in TEST_011. Verification of the implementation of metadata about the output of the device to help supervising the output: TEST_001, TEST_002, TEST_003. Verification of the implementation of interpretative distribution representation of possible ICD categories verified in TEST_004. | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 R-TF-015-003 Clinical Evaluation Report (sections: Instructions for Use, Associated Design Product Requirement, Valid clinical association of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) classes, Clinical performance) | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | T-024-006-AML-001T-024-006-DAT-002 | T-024-007-AUD-001T-024-007-CVE-002 |
R-D1I | Unauthorized patient access to clinical data | Product Cybersecurity | The patient somehow manages to get access to the clinical endpoints of the device. |
| The patient is affected and may suffer anxiety or delays visiting the HCP and their consequent treatment; worsening their health status. | The medical device is hacked and a patient access to inaccesible data. | ConfidentialityAuthenticity | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-2KQPRS-3YHPRS-4QWPRS-5LJPRS-7Z8PRS-9F2 | Patient | 3 | 3 | 9 | AB | State-of-the-art security measures to avoid unauthorized access to data, malignant uses and hacking, and information about authentication process for users are available in IFU | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-2KQPRS-3YHPRS-4QWPRS-5LJPRS-7Z8PRS-9F2 | Technical director | TEST_014 The user authentication feature is functioning correctly, TEST_015 Ensure all API communications are conducted over HTTPS, TEST_017 Verification of authorized user registration and body zone specification in device API, TEST_018 Ensure API stability and cybersecurity of the medical device. IFU verification is recorded at R-TF-001-006 IFU and label validation 2023_001 and in TEST_011 to ensure that they include the information. | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 R-TF-015-003 Clinical Evaluation Report (sections: Associated Design Verification Test, Requirement on devices that incorporate software or for software that are devices in themselves (GSPR 17.2), Instructions for Use) | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | T-024-006-AUT-001T-024-006-AUT-003 | T-024-007-VUL-001T-024-007-VUL-003 | ||
R-AGQ | Image artefacts or poor resolution | Product | The medical device receives an input that does not have sufficient quality in a way that affects its performance |
| Misdiagnosis; delays in treatment and worsening of the patient's health status. | Improper image acquisition, poor image capture conditions,Inadequate image processing algorithms | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-5LJPRS-7XK | Managing Organisation | 4 | 3 | 12 | AC | A requirement of the device defines the creation of a processor whose purpose is to ensure that the image have enough quality. In other words, an algorithm, similar to the ones used to classify diseases, is used to check the validity of the image and provides an image quality score. The device returns meaningful messages to the users about the quality score of the images. This allows care providers to re-take a photo. The IFU contain the `How to take pictures` section with recommendation on how to take pictures with high quality. We also offer training to the users to optimize the imaging process so that it is optimal for the device's operation. | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-5LJPRS-7XKPRS-9F2 | Technical director | Verification is defined in: TEST_009_Notify the user if the quality of the image is insufficient, TEST_007_If something does not work, the API returns meaningful information about the error, TEST_011_We facilitate the integration of the device into the users' system R-TF-001-006 IFU and label validation | 3 | 2 | 6 | As far as possible | R-TF-015-003 Clinical Evaluation Report (sections: Associated Design Product Requirement, Associated Design Verification Test, Clinical performance) R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 | Benefits outweigh the risks | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||||
R-E7Z | Inaccessible skin areas | Usability | The device cannot analyse certain skin areas |
| Misdiagnosis; delays in treatment and worsening of the patient's health status. | Inability to access or take a picture of the skin structure due to its location in an unreachable body site and lack of aid in the process | HCP | User takes a photo of the patient's lesion. | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-5LJPRS-7XK | Patient | 3 | 3 | 9 | AC | A requirement of the device defines the creation of a processor whose purpose is to ensure that the image have enough quality. In other words, an algorithm, similar to the ones used to classify diseases, is used to check the validity of the image and provides an image quality score. The device returns meaningful messages to the users about the quality score of the images. This allows care providers to re-take a photo. The IFU contain the `How to take pictures` section with recommendation on how to take pictures with high quality plus in the Contraindications section of the IFU we state the following: We advise the user not to use the device if skin structures are not accessible by a camera, such as being located in a skin fold or is otherwise covered. We also offer training to the users to optimize the imaging process so that it is optimal for the device's operation. | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-5LJPRS-7XKPRS-9F2 | Technical director | TEST_009_Notify the user if the quality of the image is insufficient TEST_007_If something does not work, the API returns meaningful information about the error TEST_011_We facilitate the integration of the device into the users' system R-TF-001-006 IFU and label validation | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | R-TF-015-003 Clinical Evaluation Report (sections: Associated Design Product Requirement, Associated Design Verification Test, Clinical performance) R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||
R-T8Q | Data transmission failure from healthcare provider's system | Product | The healthcare provider's system cannot connect to the medical device |
| Delays in patient diagnosis and poorer treatment follow-up. | Error in the API token or the authentication process, connectivity problems, firewall, incompatibility between systems | PRS-1V6PRS-4QWPRS-9F2 | Managing Organisation | 4 | 3 | 12 | AB | State-of-the-art techniques of security and software availability. The device returns meaningful messages about the error | PRS-1V6PRS-4QWPRS-9F2 | Technical director | API REST connection performance and security verification is recorded in TEST_014 The user authentication feature is functioning correctly, TEST_015 Ensure all API communications are conducted over HTTPS, TEST_017 Verification of authorized user registration and body zone specification in device API, TEST_018 Ensure API stability and cybersecurity of the medical device. TEST_007 verifies REQ_007 | 3 | 2 | 6 | As far as possible | R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 | Benefits outweigh the risks | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||||
R-3N5 | Data input failure | Product | The medical device cannot receive data from healthcare providers' system |
| Delays in patient diagnosis and poorer treatment follow-up. | Error in the API token or the authentication process, connectivity problems, firewall, incompatibility between systems, interface issues | PRS-1V6PRS-4QWPRS-9F2 | Manufacturer | 4 | 3 | 12 | AB | State-of-the-art techniques of security and software availability. The device returns meaningful messages about the error | PRS-1V6PRS-4QWPRS-9F2 | Technical director | API REST connection performance and security verification is recorded in TEST_014 The user authentication feature is functioning correctly, TEST_015 Ensure all API communications are conducted over HTTPS, TEST_017 Verification of authorized user registration and body zone specification in device API, TEST_018 Ensure API stability and cybersecurity of the medical device. TEST_007 verifies REQ_007 | 3 | 2 | 6 | As far as possible | R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 | Benefits outweigh the risks | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||||
R-YF4 | Data accessibility failure | Product | The healthcare provider cannot receive data from the medical device |
| Delays in patient diagnosis and poorer treatment follow-up. | Error in the API token or the authentication process, connectivity problems, firewall | PRS-1V6PRS-4QWPRS-9F2 | Managing Organisation | 4 | 3 | 12 | AB | State-of-the-art techniques of security and software availability. The device returns meaningful messages about the error | PRS-1V6PRS-4QWPRS-9F2 | Technical director | API REST connection performance and security verification is recorded in TEST_014 The user authentication feature is functioning correctly, TEST_015 Ensure all API communications are conducted over HTTPS, TEST_017 Verification of authorized user registration and body zone specification in device API, TEST_018 Ensure API stability and cybersecurity of the medical device. TEST_007 verifies REQ_007 | 3 | 2 | 6 | As far as possible | R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 | Benefits outweigh the risks | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||||
R-LRP | Data transmission failure | Product | The medical device cannot send data to healthcare providers |
| Delays in patient diagnosis; inaccurate clinical decision; poorer treatment follow-up. | Poor connectivity, firewall restriction, server issues, incompatibility between systems, improper configuration, improperly formatted data | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-4QWPRS-5LJPRS-9F2 | Manufacturer | 4 | 3 | 12 | AB | State-of-the-art techniques of security and software availability The device returns meaningful messages about the error The endpoints of the device follow HL7's FHIR interoperability standard | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-4QWPRS-5LJPRS-9F2 | Technical director | API REST connection performance and security verification is recorded in TEST_014 The user authentication feature is functioning correctly, TEST_015 Ensure all API communications are conducted over HTTPS, TEST_017 Verification of authorized user registration and body zone specification in device API, TEST_018 Ensure API stability and cybersecurity of the medical device. TEST_007 verifies REQ_007 TEST_013 verifies REQ_006 | 3 | 2 | 6 | As far as possible | R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 | Benefits outweigh the risks | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||||
R-MWD | Interruption of service | Product | The device or the healthcare system experiences an unexpected interruption in service leading to inability to use the device |
| Delays in patient diagnosis and poorer treatment follow-up. | Server overload, connectivity problems, software bugs, incorrect system configurations | PRS-1V6PRS-4QWPRS-9F2 | Managing Organisation | 4 | 3 | 12 | AB | The deployment of the medical devices uses elastic demand design. The medical device makes constant backups. State-of-the-art techniques of security and software availability. Due to the inherent features of the REST protocol, when a user send a request and the device is down, the device returns a specific code informing of the state of the device, including downtime. This means that the user will be automatically aware of downtime, as well as any other states. | PRS-1V6PRS-4QWPRS-9F2 | Technical director | API REST connection performance and security verification is recorded in TEST_014 The user authentication feature is functioning correctly, TEST_015 Ensure all API communications are conducted over HTTPS, TEST_017 Verification of authorized user registration and body zone specification in device API, TEST_018 Ensure API stability and cybersecurity of the medical device. TEST_007 verifies REQ_007 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||||
R-TLM | An organisation that is not a licensed healthcare provider gets access to the device | Regulatory | Improper use of the device and improper use of the outputs of the device |
| Misdiagnosis; delays in treatment and worsening of the patient's health status; data privacy breaches | Miscommunication about the medical device-nature of the product, inconsistent licensing checks, weak authentication measures, cybersecurity breaches | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-2KQPRS-3YHPRS-4QWPRS-7Z8PRS-9F2 | Manufacturer | 3 | 3 | 9 | AC | The contracting process includes a contract in which the customer declares they are a healthcare provider Instructions for use explain the intended users of the medical device and security requirements and recommendations Stringent security measures: - implementation of a robust authentication mechanisms such as OAuth or JWT to ensure that only authorized users can access the API. Role-based access control further restricts user privileges, enhancing data security; - implementation of data encryption: all data transmitted between the user and the API is encrypted using industry-standard encryption protocols, such as SSL/TLS, to protect against eavesdropping and data breaches | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-2KQPRS-3YHPRS-4QWPRS-7Z8PRS-9F2 | Technical director | API REST connection performance and security verification is recorded in TEST_014 The user authentication feature is functioning correctly, TEST_015 Ensure all API communications are conducted over HTTPS, TEST_017 Verification of authorized user registration and body zone specification in device API, TEST_018 Ensure API stability and cybersecurity of the medical device. IFU verification is recorded at R-TF-001-006 IFU and label validation 2023_001 and in TEST_011 to ensure that they include the information. Reviewed and signed contract services with customers. GP-009 Sales | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||||
R-4GG | Users outside the intended user definition use the medical device | Regulatory | Other personnel (other than HCP and ITP) directly interact with the medical device |
| Misdiagnosis; delays in proper treatment and worsening of the patient's health status. | Inadequate information provided by the manufacturer, poor access restriction policies | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-3YHPRS-4QWPRS-9F2 | Patient | 3 | 3 | 9 | AC | Instructions for use include information about the intended user and their qualification, plus IFU contain the section `Security requirements and recommendations` to ensure best security practices are followed by ITPs Implementation of authentication process and security controls to avoid unintended use of the device | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-3YHPRS-4QWPRS-9F2 | Technical director | TEST_014 The user authentication feature is functioning correctly, TEST_015 Ensure all API communications are conducted over HTTPS, TEST_017 Verification of authorized user registration and body zone specification in device API, TEST_018 Ensure API stability and cybersecurity of the medical device. IFU verification is recorded at R-TF-001-006 IFU and label validation 2023_001 and in TEST_011 to ensure that they include the information. | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||||
R-ZFR | The device is not used under the supervision of an HCP | Regulatory | Improper use of the device and improper interpretation of the outputs of the device |
| Misdiagnosis; delays in proper treatment and worsening of the patient's health status. | Inadequate information provided by the manufacturer about roles and responsibilities, inadequate implementation of workflows | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-4QWPRS-9F2 | Patient | 3 | 3 | 9 | AC | Instructions for use include information about the intended user and their qualification, plus IFU contain the section `Security requirements and recommendations` to ensure best security practices are followed by ITPs Implementation of authentication process and security controls to avoid unintended use of the device | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-4QWPRS-9F2 | Technical director | TEST_014 The user authentication feature is functioning correctly, TEST_015 Ensure all API communications are conducted over HTTPS, TEST_017 Verification of authorized user registration and body zone specification in device API, TEST_018 Ensure API stability and cybersecurity of the medical device. IFU verification is recorded at R-TF-001-006 IFU and label validation 2023_001 and in TEST_011 to ensure that they include the information. | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||||
R-CYO | The device is integrated by unqualified ITPs | Regulatory | Medical device communication with the user server is not properly established |
| User discomfort; dissatisfaction. Misdiagnosis; delays in proper treatment and worsening of the patient's health status. | Inadequate information provided by the manufacturer | PRS-1XUPRS-5LJ | Managing Organisation | 3 | 3 | 9 | AC | Instructions for use include information about the intended user and their qualification, and instructions on how to integrate the device | PRS-1XUPRS-5LJ | Technical director | IFU verification is recorded at R-TF-001-006 IFU and label validation 2023_001 and TEST_011 to ensure that they include the information. | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||||
R-QLF | Non-compliance with the General Safety & Performance Requirements (GSPR) | Regulatory | Inadequate safety and performance of the whole device |
| Decreased product performance; quality and safety. Misdiagnosis; delays in proper treatment and worsening of the patient's health status due to poor validation of the device | Misinterpretation of applicable regulation or lack of knowledge | PRS-0MCPRS-1XUPRS-3YH | Manufacturer | 3 | 3 | 9 | A | Medical device is developed and produced according to harmonized standards for medical device in compliance with the applicable GSPR | PRS-0MCPRS-1XUPRS-3YH | Technical director | The compliance with the GSPR is compiled at the R-TF-008-001_GSPR_2023_001 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | Internal/external audits R-TF-015-003 Clinical Evaluation Report (section: Compliance with applicable regulatory requirements) | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||||
R-ES8 | Non-compliance with GSPR 3 (absence of a risk management process) | Regulatory | Risks are not mitigated as far as possible |
| User discomfort; dissatisfaction. Misdiagnosis; delays in proper treatment and worsening of the patient's health status. | Inadequate QMS | PRS-0MCPRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-2ZBPRS-3YH | Manufacturer | 4 | 3 | 12 | A | Implement a risk management process according to ISO 14971 | PRS-0MCPRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-2ZBPRS-3YH | Technical director | R-TF-008-001 General Safety Performance Requirements (GSPR) 2023_001. Risk management process is described at the GP-013 Risk management and documented in the applicable records: R-TF-013-001 Risk management plan R-TF-013-002 Risk management record R-TF-013-003 Risk management report | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | Internal/external audits Periodic review of GP-013 (Risk management), periodic review of risk management plan, record and report, stay up-to-date with any revision of the standard | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||||
R-EZZ | Instructions for use not available or separate from the product | Regulatory | Whole device cannot be used |
| Misdiagnosis; inaccurate clinical decision; delays in proper treatment and worsening of the patient's health status. | Accessibility problems, incorrect document format, miscommunication from manufacturer, network issues | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-3YHPRS-5LJ | Managing Organisation | 4 | 3 | 12 | AC | IFU designed and developed according to harmonized standards for medical device If the issue is access to the internet, the user would also not be able to use the device, so there is no risk of using the device without access to the instructions. Provide the IFU in paper form upon request | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-3YHPRS-5LJ | Technical director | IFU verification is recorded at R-TF-001-006 IFU and label validation 2023_001 and in TEST_011 to ensure that they include the information. Procedure for managing paper IFU's request (SP-001-001 - eIFU) | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||||
R-CGQ | Inadequate specification of the product intended purpose | Regulatory | Whole device is wrongly used or is not used as intended |
| Misdiagnosis; delays in proper treatment and worsening of the patient's health status. | Inadequate information provided by the manufacturer | PRS-1XUPRS-3YH | Managing Organisation | 4 | 3 | 12 | AC | We specify the product intended purpose in the IFU and label to ensure this information is always available for the users | PRS-1XUPRS-3YH | Technical director | IFU and label verification is recorded at R-TF-001-006 IFU and label validation 2023_001 and in TEST_011 to ensure that they include the information. | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||||
R-TA9 | Inadequate camera usage or settings | Product Usability | Poor image quality due to inadequate resolution, lighting, focus or camera settings |
| Misdiagnosis; delays in proper treatment and worsening of the patient's health status. | Inadequate image processing algorithms | ITP | Input authorization details | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-2ZBPRS-3YHPRS-5LJPRS-7XK | Managing Organisation | 4 | 3 | 12 | AC | A requirement of the device defines the creation of a processor whose purpose is to ensure that the image have enough quality. In other words, an algorithm, similar to the ones used to classify diseases, is used to check the validity of the image and provides an image quality score. The device returns meaningful messages about the quality score of the images. This allows care providers to re-take a photo. The IFU contain a dedicated section on how to take pictures (section name: `How to take pictures`) and technical specifications of the camera (section: `Technical specifications`) We also offer training to the users to optimize the imaging process so that it is optimal for the device's operation. | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-2ZBPRS-3YHPRS-5LJPRS-7XK | Technical director | Verification is defined in TEST_009_Notify the user if the quality of the image is insufficient. TEST_007 verifies REQ_007. TEST_011 and R-TF-001-006 IFU and label validation verify REQ_012 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | R-TF-015-003 Clinical Evaluation Report (sections: Validation and testing of machine learning models, Post-market Clinical investigations (with focus on clinical studies whose primary endpoint is improving diagnostic accuracy)) R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||
R-3YJ | Data breach or unauthorized access | Cybersecurity | Unauthorized persons have access to confidential data |
| Misuse of sensitive patient data; unauthorized alterations to diagnostic results; or delays in treatment due to disrupted clinical workflows; loss of trust in the medical device | Inadequate information provided by the manufacturer, inadequate security measures implemented in the device | ConfidentialityIntegrityAvailability | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-2KQPRS-4QWPRS-7Z8PRS-9F2 | Managing Organisation | 4 | 3 | 12 | AC | Stringent security measures: - implementation of a robust authentication mechanisms such as OAuth or JWT to ensure that only authorized users can access the API. Role-based access control further restricts user privileges, enhancing data security; - implementation of data encryption: all data transmitted between the user and the API is encrypted using industry-standard encryption protocols, such as SSL/TLS, to protect against eavesdropping and data breaches. In the IFU we explain the access to the device by means of an API token that has expiration plus there is a specific section (`Security requirements and recommendations`) in which we explain security measures that ITP shall follow | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-2KQPRS-4QWPRS-7Z8PRS-9F2 | Technical director | Instructions detailed at the T-011-002 API token delivery and IFU. IFU verification is recorded at R-TF-001-006 IFU and label validation 2023_001 and in TEST_011 to ensure that they include the information. API REST connection performance and security verification is recorded in TEST_014 The user authentication feature is functioning correctly, TEST_015 Ensure all API communications are conducted over HTTPS, TEST_017 Verification of authorized user registration and body zone specification in device API, TEST_018 Ensure API stability and cybersecurity of the medical device. | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | T-024-006-AUT-002T-024-006-DAT-001T-024-006-NET-001 | T-024-007-VUL-002T-024-007-CVE-001T-024-007-INC-001 | ||
R-C6Q | Non-compliance with GSPR 3 (absence of a PMS & PMCF process) | Regulatory | Unavailability of safety, performance, usability information during product usage needed to improve the device |
| Users discomfort and loss of confidence in the device. Patient misdiagnosis and worsening of their health status | Inadequate QMS | PRS-0MCPRS-1XUPRS-3YHPRS-4QW | Manufacturer | 3 | 3 | 9 | A | Develop post-market surveillance and post-market clinical follow up plans according to the regulatory requirements | PRS-0MCPRS-1XUPRS-3YHPRS-4QW | Technical director | R-TF-008-001 General Safety Performance Requirements (GSPR) 2023_001. PMS and PMCF plans created: R-TF-007-001 Post-Market Surveillance (PMS) Plan and R-TF-007-002 Post-Market clinical follow-up (PMCF) Plan | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | Internal/external audits | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||||
R-8KS | Inadequate instructions for use: product information for clinical safety is not included at the IFU | Regulatory | Use of the device without the necessary safety-related information |
| Inaccurate diagnoses; inappropriate follow-up actions; loss of confidence in the device; regulatory non-compliance | Inadequate information provided by the manufacturer | PRS-1XUPRS-3YH | Manufacturer | 4 | 3 | 12 | C | We specify in the IFU the clinical safety information related to the product | PRS-1XUPRS-3YH | Technical director | IFU verification documented in TEST_011 and in R-TF-001-006 IFU and label validation 2023_001 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||||
R-UI5 | Inadequate instructions for use: product information for cybersecurity is not included in the IFU | Usability Cybersecurity Regulatory | Presence of vulnerabilities that may compromise the integrity of the system and patient data |
| Unauthorized access to sensitive patient information; incorrect diagnosis; loss of trust | Inadequate information provided by the manufacturer | ConfidentialityIntegrityAvailabilityAuthenticity | ITP | Input authorization details | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-2KQPRS-7Z8PRS-9F2 | Manufacturer | 4 | 3 | 12 | C | We specify in the IFU the product information for cybersecurity in the section `Security requirements and recommendations` | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-2KQPRS-7Z8PRS-9F2 | Technical director | IFU verification documented in TEST_011 and in R-TF-001-006 IFU and label validation 2023_001 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | T-024-006-DOC-001T-024-006-AUT-004 | T-024-007-EDU-001T-024-007-VUL-004 |
R-5L4 | Inadequate lighting conditions during image capture | Usability Product | The medical device receives an input that does not have sufficient quality |
| Misdiagnosis; delays in proper treatment and worsening of the patient's health status. | Inadequate image processing algorithms | HCP | User takes a photo of the patient's lesion. | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-2ZBPRS-5LJPRS-7XK | Patient | 4 | 3 | 12 | AC | A requirement of the device defines the creation of a processor whose purpose is to ensure that the image have enough quality. In other words, an algorithm, similar to the ones used to classify diseases, is used to check the validity of the image and provides an image quality score. The device returns meaningful messages about the quality score of the images. This allows care providers to re-take a photo. The IFU contain a dedicated section on how to take pictures (section name: `How to take pictures`) and technical specifications of the camera (section: `Technical specifications`) We also offer training to the users to optimize the imaging process so that it is optimal for the device's operation. | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-2ZBPRS-5LJPRS-7XK | Technical director | Verification is defined in TEST_009_Notify the user if the quality of the image is insufficient. TEST_007 verifies REQ_007. TEST_011 and R-TF-001-006 IFU and label validation verify REQ_012 | 3 | 2 | 6 | As far as possible | R-TF-015-003 Clinical Evaluation Report (sections: Validation and testing of machine learning models, Post-market Clinical investigations (with focus on clinical studies whose primary endpoint is improving diagnostic accuracy)) R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 | Benefits outweigh the risks | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||
R-U6M | System incompatibility | Product Cybersecurity | Integration of our device is not compatible with the user platform |
| Delays in patient diagnosis; inaccurate diagnisis due to outputs interpretation; poorer treatment follow-up | Inadequate design of the device | AvailabilityIntegrity | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-4QWPRS-5LJPRS-9F2 | Managing Organisation | 4 | 3 | 12 | AC | Our device is built as an API that follows the REST protocol. This protocol totally separates the user interface from the server and the data storage. Thanks to this, REST API always adapts to the type of syntax or platforms that the user may use, which gives considerable freedom and autonomy to the user. With a REST API, the user can use either PHP, Java, Python or Node.js servers. The only thing is that it is indispensable that the responses to the requests should always take place in the language used for the information exchange: JSON. he data that users send and receive follows the FHIR healthcare interoperability standard | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-4QWPRS-5LJPRS-9F2 | Technical director | API REST connection performance and security verification is recorded in TEST_014 The user authentication feature is functioning correctly, TEST_015 Ensure all API communications are conducted over HTTPS, TEST_017 Verification of authorized user registration and body zone specification in device API, TEST_018 Ensure API stability and cybersecurity of the medical device. TEST_013 verifies REQ_006 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | T-024-006-API-001T-024-006-API-003 | T-024-007-DEP-001T-024-007-INT-001 | ||
R-OM1 | Data overwrite | Product | Critical patient data, such as medical images or diagnostic results, is unintentionally replaced or corrupted |
| Incorrect diagnoses; missed treatments | Design failure on the patient follow up images and data storage | PRS-1V6PRS-4QWPRS-9F2 | Patient | 4 | 3 | 12 | AB | Product specifications explain the use of the REST protocol to inherently avoid bad practices in programming such as data re-writing. Every request is independent and cannot be edited. | PRS-1V6PRS-4QWPRS-9F2 | Technical director | API REST connection performance and security verification is recorded in TEST_014 The user authentication feature is functioning correctly TEST_015 Ensure all API communications are conducted over HTTPS TEST_017 Verification of authorized user registration and body zone specification in device API TEST_018 Ensure API stability and cybersecurity of the medical device. | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||||
R-B63 | Inconsistent or unreliable output | Product | Analysis of the same image generates different results when using the same version of the device |
| User discomfort and suspicion about the device safety and performance. Misdiagnosis; delays in proper treatment and worsening of the patient's health status. | A new version of the device was released without following the design and development procedures, algorithms errors, incomplete/insufficient training data | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-2ZBPRS-3YHPRS-5LJPRS-7Z8PRS-8QJ | Patient | 4 | 3 | 12 | AB | Perform algorithm verification and validation with representative datasets, according to the procedure GP-012 Design, redesign and development. In case of new dataset, new verification and validation activities will be carried out, according to the procedure GP-012 Design, redesign and development. Conduct clinical testing using a wide range of representative data (from diverse demographics and conditions) to verify that the software produces consistent and reliable outputs across all use cases | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-2ZBPRS-3YHPRS-5LJPRS-7Z8PRS-8QJ | Technical director | GP-012 Design, redesign and development TEST_004_The user receives an interpretative distribution representation of possible ICD categories represented in the pixels of the image Section `AI/ML model re-training` of `R-TF-012-006 Lifecycle plan and report_2023_001`explains the re-trianing of AI models. | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | R-TF-015-003 Clinical Evaluation Report (section: Post-market clinical investigations) | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||||
R-RAJ | Sensitivity to image variability | Product | Analysis of the same skin structure with images taken with deviations in lightning or orientation generates significantly different results |
| User discomfort and suspicion about the device safety and performance. Misdiagnosis; delays in proper treatment and worsening of the patient's health status. | Skin structures captured in different images are represented in totally different pixels, which make them different skin structures even if they represent the same real-world entity. Improper algorithm design | PRS-1XUPRS-2ZBPRS-3YHPRS-8QJ | Patient | 5 | 3 | 15 | AC | The development of the device implements measures to improve consistency. Namely, the augmentation of images and the vast amount of images with different lightning and orientation deviations used to develop the device. Perform algorithm verification and validation with representative datasets | PRS-1XUPRS-2ZBPRS-3YHPRS-8QJ | Technical director | AI training is explained in the GP-012 Design, redesign and development. The verification is documented in TEST_004 The user receives an interpretative distribution representation of possible ICD categories represented in the pixels of the image | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | R-TF-015-003 Clinical Evaluation Report (section: Post-market clinical investigations) R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||||
R-2S3 | Integration failure or errors | Usability Product | Failure to communicate with other systems |
| Misdiagnosis; delayed treatment; loss of trust in the device | Inadequate information provided by the manufacturer | ITP | Input authorization details | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-5LJ | Managing Organisation | 4 | 3 | 12 | C | We specify the intended user and the required qualification in the IFU Additionally, we include at the IFU the instructions and information required by the ITPs to perform the integration of the device within their system | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-5LJPRS-9F2 | Technical director | IFU verification is recorded at R-TF-001-006 IFU and label validation 2023_001 and in TEST_011 to ensure that they include the information. | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||
R-GY6 | Inaccurate training data | Product Artificial Intelligence | Image datasets used in the development of the device are not properly labeled |
| Misdiagnosis; delayed treatment; loss of trust in the device | Lack of domain expertise, inconsistent labeling criteria | PRS-2ZBPRS-8QJ | Manufacturer | 5 | 3 | 15 | AB | We carefully select the images in collaboration with Health Care Organisations and we hire HCP to perform the labeling to ensure it is properly performed ( | PRS-2ZBPRS-8QJ | Technical director | Verification is compiled at the TEST_001_The user receives quantifiable data on the intensity of clinical signs, TEST_002_The user receives quantifiable data on the count of clinical signs, TEST_003_The user receives quantifiable data on the extent of clinical signs, TEST_004 The user receives an interpretative distribution representation of possible ICD categories represented in the pixels of the image. R-TF-012-009 Validation and testing of machine learning models | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | R-TF-015-003 Clinical Evaluation Report (section: Post-market clinical investigations) | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||||
R-7US | Biased or incomplete training data | Product Artificial Intelligence | Image datasets used in the development of the device are not properly selected |
| Misdiagnosis; delayed treatment; loss of trust in the device | Inadequate design of the device | PRS-2ZBPRS-7Z8PRS-8QJ | Manufacturer | 5 | 3 | 15 | AB | We carefully select the images in collaboration with Health Care Organisations and we hire HCP to perform the labeling to ensure it is properly performed (, ) | PRS-2ZBPRS-7Z8PRS-8QJ | Technical director | Verification is compiled at the TEST_001_The user receives quantifiable data on the intensity of clinical signs, TEST_002_The user receives quantifiable data on the count of clinical signs, TEST_003_The user receives quantifiable data on the extent of clinical signs, TEST_004 The user receives an interpretative distribution representation of possible ICD categories represented in the pixels of the image. R-TF-012-009 Validation and testing of machine learning models | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | R-TF-015-003 Clinical Evaluation Report (section: Post-market clinical investigations) | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||||
R-1OC | Lack of efficacy or clinical utility | Product Regulatory | There are no demonstrated product clinical benefits when used as intended by the manufacturer |
| User discomfort and dissatisfaction. Inaccurate results; delayed treatment | Inadequate design of the clinical evaluation | PRS-1XUPRS-2ZBPRS-3YH | Manufacturer | 4 | 3 | 12 | AB | We performed clinical studies to demonstrate the clinical benefits of the medical device and we plan how to gather clinical data in the post-market phase. Information about clinical benefits are provided in the IFU. | PRS-1XUPRS-2ZBPRS-3YH | Technical director | Plan and compilation of clinical results are documented at the R-TF-015-001 Clinical Evaluation Plan and R-TF-015-003 Clinical Evaluation Report. Plan for post-market clinical evidence is documented in R-TF-007-002 Post-market clinical follow up plan. Compliance with GSPR (especially for validation of intended use) documented in R-TF-008-001 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | R-TF-015-003 Clinical Evaluation Report (section: Clinical performance with focus on post-market clinical investigations in which we measured the clinical utility) | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||||
R-VL1 | Device failure or performance degradation | Product Artificial Intelligence | The device is overwhelmed by its use: either not enough storage capacity or unable to handle requests |
| User discomfort and dissatisfaction. Inaccurate results; delayed treatment | Inadequate design of the medical device infrastructure | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-4QWPRS-9F2 | Manufacturer | 4 | 3 | 12 | AB | We use scalable server structure (also called elastic), which is the industry standard and the widely used option. In case of errors, the device returns meaningful messages about the error | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-4QWPRS-9F2 | Technical director | API REST connection performance and security verification is recorded in TEST_014 The user authentication feature is functioning correctly, TEST_015 Ensure all API communications are conducted over HTTPS, TEST_017 Verification of authorized user registration and body zone specification in device API, TEST_018 Ensure API stability and cybersecurity of the medical device. TEST_007 verifies REQ_007 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report (for the part of error messages and to monitor response time accuracy of device's outputs) | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||||
R-HAX | Incorrect interpretation of device outputs | Usability Regulatory | The HCP validates the wrong skin condition, even if the device outputs the correct result |
| Incorrect or delayed diagnosis; inappropriate treatment or follow-up; loss of confidence in the device | Inadequate information provided by the manufacturer | HCP | User takes a photo of the patient's lesion. | PRS-1XU | Patient | 3 | 3 | 9 | C | The IFU explains the medical device's intended purpose The IFU explain the device's outputs The IFU contain a specific section (`User interface`) in which we explain the minimum requirements for the user interface that the ITP will implement | PRS-1XU | Technical director | IFU verification is recorded at R-TF-001-006 IFU and label validation 2023_001 and in TEST_011 to ensure that they include the information. | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||
R-TBN | Non-compliance with GSPR 23: Inadequate label | Regulatory | Insufficient label information to understand the device intended use, version |
| User discomfort and dissatisfaction; misdiagnosis; delay in diagnosis/patient's follow up/treatment | Lack of clear regulatory guidance or failure to meet labeling standards | PRS-0MCPRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-3YH | Manufacturer | 4 | 2 | 8 | C | Label design has been performed according to the applicable regulations (MDR 2017/745 and ISO 15223-1). Labeling is included within the IFU and published at our website to ensure all the user can consult it when needed | PRS-0MCPRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-3YH | Technical director | IFU verification is recorded at R-TF-001-006 IFU and label validation 2023_001 and in TEST_011 to ensure that they include the information. R-TF-008-001 General Safety Performance Requirements (GSPR) 2023_001. | 2 | 1 | 2 | Acceptable | Internal/external audits | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||||
R-L38 | Non-compliance with GSPR 23: Inadequate Instructions for Use | Regulatory | Integration cannot be properly performed |
| User discomfort and dissatisfaction; misdiagnosis; delay in diagnosis/patient's follow up/treatment | Inadequate information provided by the manufacturer, lack of clear regulatory guidance or failure to meet labeling standards | PRS-0MCPRS-1XUPRS-3YHPRS-5LJ | Manufacturer | 4 | 3 | 12 | C | IFU has been written according to the applicable regulations: MDR 2017/745 and ISO 15223-1 | PRS-0MCPRS-1XUPRS-3YHPRS-5LJ | Technical director | IFU verification is recorded at R-TF-001-006 IFU and label validation 2023_001 and in TEST_011 to ensure that they include the information. R-TF-008-001 General Safety Performance Requirements (GSPR) 2023_001. | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 Internal/external audits | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||||
R-O5Y | Complicated instructions for use: the instructions for use are too complicated and more intricate than they need to be | Usability Regulatory | Misinterpretation of IFU |
| User discomfort and dissatisfaction; misdiagnosis; delay in diagnosis/patient's follow up/treatment | Inadequate information provided by the manufacturer, lack of clear regulatory guidance or failure to meet labeling standards | HCP | User takes a photo of the patient's lesion. | PRS-0MCPRS-1XUPRS-3YHPRS-5LJ | HCP | 4 | 3 | 12 | C | IFU has been written according to the applicable regulations: MDR 2017/745 and ISO 15223-1 | PRS-0MCPRS-1XUPRS-3YHPRS-5LJ | Technical director | IFU verification is recorded at R-TF-001-006 IFU and label validation 2023_001 and in TEST_011 to ensure that they include the information. | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 Internal/external audits | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||
R-UK2 | Inadequate warnings in the IFU | Usability Regulatory | Lack of critical safety information required for the correct use of the device |
| Misdiagnosis; delay in diagnosis/patient's follow up/treatment | Inadequate information provided by the manufacturer, lack of clear regulatory guidance or failure to meet labeling standards | HCP | User takes a photo of the patient's lesion. | PRS-0MCPRS-1XUPRS-3YH | Patient | 3 | 3 | 9 | C | IFU has been written according to the applicable regulations: MDR 2017/745 and ISO 15223-1 | PRS-0MCPRS-1XUPRS-3YH | Technical director | IFU verification is recorded at R-TF-001-006 IFU and label validation 2023_001 and in TEST_011 to ensure that they include the information. | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 Internal/external audits | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||
R-27M | Inadequate maintenance performed by the manufacturer | Product Regulatory | Device performance is compromised |
| Misdiagnosis; delay in diagnosis/patient's follow up/treatment | Inadequate maintenance planning | PRS-0MCPRS-1V6PRS-3YH | Manufacturer | 4 | 3 | 12 | AB | Create a maintenance plan in which specifying the activities required to ensure reliable performance of the device (e.g. software and SOUPs update) | PRS-0MCPRS-1V6PRS-3YH | Technical director | Maintenance plan for the medical device is documented in the document `R-TF-012-006 Lifecycle plan and report`. Compliance with GSPR (especially for maintenance requirements) documented in R-TF-008-001 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | Control of device's version used by HCP to ensure last validated version of the device is being used. Information about changes compared to previous version provided to the users. Internal/external audits | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||||
R-046 | Inadequate or absent maintenance specifications, including performance checks | Regulatory | Device performance is compromised |
| Misdiagnosis; delay in diagnosis/patient's follow up/treatment | Inadequate information provided by the manufacturer | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-3YH | Managing Organisation | 4 | 3 | 12 | AB | The device does not require any performance checks activities nor maintenance by the users, as it is specified at the IFU When a new software version with changes is released, users are properly informed following the GP-012 Design, redesign and development. | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-3YH | Technical director | IFU verification is recorded at R-TF-001-006 IFU and label validation 2023_001 and in TEST_011 to ensure that they include the information. Transition to the updated versions is guided by the JD-005 as specified in the GP-012 Design, redesign and development | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | Control of device's version used by HCP to ensure last validated version of the device is being used. Information about changes compared to previous version provided to the users | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||||
R-7GC | Inadequate maintenance: users do not properly maintain the device | Regulatory | Device performance is compromised |
| Misdiagnosis; delay in diagnosis/patient's follow up/treatment | Users either do not receive the update to the new version or are not able to update the device or fail to do so. | PRS-1V6PRS-1XU | HCP | 4 | 3 | 12 | AB | The device does not require any performance checks activities nor maintenance by the users, as it is specified at the IFU. When a new version with changes is released, users are properly informed following the GP-012 Design, redesign and development. Additionally, we keep a record of customers that have not transitioned to the new versions that we review and update periodically. | PRS-1V6PRS-1XU | Technical director | IFU verification is recorded at R-TF-001-006 IFU and label validation 2023_001 and in TEST_011 to ensure that they include the information. Transition to the updated versions is guided by the JD-005 as specified in the GP-012 Design, redesign and development. Customers that have not transitioned to the new versions are listed at the R-012-012 Customers product version control | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | Control of device's version used by HCP to ensure last validated version of the device is being used. Information about changes compared to previous version provided to the users | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||||
R-3OG | Absence of limitation of product lifetime | Regulatory | User does not know the lifetime of the device to stop using it |
| Misdiagnosis; delay in diagnosis/patient's follow up/treatment | Inadequate information provided by the manufacturer | PRS-0MCPRS-1XUPRS-3YH | Manufacturer | 4 | 3 | 12 | AC | The IFU includes the information about the device lifetime (5 years) established in the technical documentation | PRS-0MCPRS-1XUPRS-3YH | Technical director | IFU verification is recorded at R-TF-001-006 IFU and label validation 2023_001 and in TEST_011 to ensure that they include the information. R-TF-008-001 General Safety Performance Requirements (GSPR) 2023_001. | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | Internal/external audits | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||||
R-G3V | Product requirements are not defined (user, technical and regulatory) | Regulatory | Whole device is wrongly used / is not used as intended |
| This could lead to misdiagnosis; delays in treatment and worsening of the patient's health status. | Misinterpretation of applicable design requirements or lack of knowledge | PRS-0MCPRS-1XUPRS-3YH | Manufacturer | 4 | 3 | 12 | A | We have defined a procedure for the design and development process following the ISO 62304 and 13485 standards, and MDR Annex I (requirements related to design). We document all the development in the Design History File (DHF), including the product's requirements. Product specifications (e.g. inputs, outputs, intended purpose, intended user, mode of action, technical specifications) provided in the IFU. | PRS-0MCPRS-1XUPRS-3YH | Technical director | The design and development procedure is described at the GP-012 Design, redesign and development. The product's requirements (user, technical and regulatory) are established within the Legit.Health DHF. Compliance with GSPR (especially for design requirements) documented in R-TF-008-001. IFU content verified in TEST_011 and R-TF-001-006 IFU and label validation. | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | Internal and external audits | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||||
R-GTY | Instructions for use are not available at the time of use due to downtime | Usability Regulatory | User cannot consult the IFU |
| User discomfort and dissatisfaction; delays in diagnosis; treatment and follow up | IFU are only electronically available, connectivity issue, server issues | ITP | Input authorization details | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-4QWPRS-5LJ | Managing Organisation | 3 | 2 | 6 | A | If the issue is access to the internet, the use would also not be able to use the device, so there is no risk of using the device without access to the instructions. Furthermore, the IFU can be downloaded by PDF. Moreover, the IFU is hosted on a independent instance to improve the resiliency of the information system, this means that downtime in the device does not imply downtime in the IFU. The device sends messages to the user when there is any problem with the communication between the device and the user end, so the user always receives basic instructions when something is wrong. Furthermore, the procedure SP-001-001 - eIFU management explains the process to fulfil customer's request for paper IFU | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-4QWPRS-5LJPRS-9F2 | Technical director | The selection of independent instances is performed according to GP-012 Design, redesign and development IFU are verified as registered at the TEST_011_We facilitate the integration of the device into the users' system. Process to provide customers with IFU in paper format is explained in SP-001-001 - eIFU management | 2 | 1 | 2 | Acceptable | R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||
R-X93 | The device receives images that do not represent skin structure | Product | The device provides an incorrect diagnosis based on irrelevant or non-clinical input |
| Misdiagnosis; delays in treatment and worsening of the patient's health status. | Insufficient validation of the device's algorithms for processing images | PRS-0MCPRS-1V6PRS-1XU | Managing organisation | 4 | 3 | 12 | AC | A requirement of the device defines the creation of a processor whose purpose is to ensure that the image belongs to the domain of dermatology. In other words, an algorithm, similar to the ones used to classify diseases, is used to check that the image contains skin. The device returns meaningful message about the image. This allows care providers to prompt the user to re-take a photo. The IFU contain a specific section on how to take pictures of skin structures to be analysed by the software (section name: `How to take pictures`) plus the section `Intended purpose or use/Device description` explains which are the inputs for the device (images of the epidermis, the dermis and its appendages, among other skin structures) | PRS-0MCPRS-1V6PRS-1XU | Technical director | Verification is performed and documented in the TEST_008_Notify the user image modality and if the image does not represent a skin structure. TEST_007 verifies REQ_007 TEST_011 and R-TF-001-006 IFU and label validation verify REQ_012. | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report (for the part of error messages one of the use cases can be the upload of non-skin images) | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||||
R-HH0 | The electronic data and content are tampered | Cybersecurity | Medical device's outputs are tampered |
| Misdiagnosis; delay in diagnosis/patient's follow up/treatment | Insuficient cybersecurity safeguards. Non-adhearance to best practices. | IntegrityAuthenticity | PRS-0MCPRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-2KQPRS-3YHPRS-4QWPRS-7Z8PRS-9F2 | Manufacturer | 3 | 3 | 9 | AB | The medical device is developed and produced according to "IMDRF Principles and Practices for Medical Device Cybersecurity" (IMDRF/CYBER WG/N60FINAL:2020) and "MDCG 2019-16 - Guidance on Cybersecurity for medical devices". The procedure is defined in SP-012-002 Cybersecurity Requirements of AI/ML Models. Stringent security measures: - implementation of a robust authentication mechanisms such as OAuth or JWT to ensure that only authorized users can access the API. Role-based access control further restricts user privileges, enhancing data security; - implementation of data encryption: all data transmitted between the user and the API is encrypted using industry-standard encryption protocols, such as SSL/TLS, to protect against eavesdropping and data breaches | PRS-0MCPRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-2KQPRS-3YHPRS-4QWPRS-7Z8PRS-9F2 | Technical director | API REST connection performance and security verification is recorded in TEST_014 The user authentication feature is functioning correctly, TEST_015 Ensure all API communications are conducted over HTTPS, TEST_017 Verification of authorized user registration and body zone specification in device API, TEST_018 Ensure API stability and cybersecurity of the medical device. R-052-001 DPIA 2023_001 (Data Privacy Impact Assesment). REST protocol explained in Legit.Health Plus description and specifications 2023_001 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | Internal/external audits | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | T-024-006-DAT-003T-024-006-CRY-001T-024-006-NET-002 | T-024-007-CVE-003T-024-007-MON-001T-024-007-INC-002 | ||
R-109 | Electronic instructions for use are not compatible with different devices | Usability Regulatory | Intended user cannot consult IFU |
| User discomfort and dissatisfaction; delays in diagnosis; treatment and follow up | Electronic IFU are developed in a non-universal platform or technology. | ITP | Input authorization details | PRS-0MCPRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-5LJPRS-7Z8 | Managing organisation | 3 | 2 | 6 | A | The electronic instructions for use are accessible via a web app that is accessible via any browser with any operating system. The instructions do not contain features, graphics or materials that are not universally accessible. It is also relevant to mention that the electronic access to the IFU is actually our recommended method of interacting with them, due to the intrinsic nature of the device Users can request IFU in paper format | PRS-0MCPRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-5LJPRS-7Z8 | Technical director | The selection of independent instances is performed according to GP-012 Design, redesign and development IFU are verified as registered at the TEST_011_We facilitate the integration of the device into the users' system | 2 | 1 | 2 | Acceptable | R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||
R-4Z5 | Lack of version control or traceability | Usability Regulatory | The ITP cannot identify the version of the device being used |
| User discomfort and dissatisfaction; delays in diagnosis; treatment and follow up | Inadequate information provided by the manufacturer | ITP | Input authorization details | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-5LJPRS-9F2 | Managing organisation | 3 | 2 | 6 | AC | We include within one of the requirements defined during the design stage that one of the outputs of the device must be the version being used and this information is included in the IFU | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-5LJPRS-9F2 | Technical director | IFU are verified as registered at the TEST_011_We facilitate the integration of the device into the users' system | 2 | 1 | 2 | Acceptable | R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||
R-72D | SOUP presents an anomaly that makes it incompatible with other SOUPs or with software elements of the device | Product | The overall performance of the device is compromised |
| Misdiagnosis; delay in diagnosis/patient's follow up/treatment; user dissatisfaction | Improper selection of SOUP and software testing | PRS-1V6PRS-5LJ | Manufacturer | 4 | 3 | 12 | A | We carefully analyze all the SOUPs selected during the design and development of the device. We ensure compatibility by performing software tests | PRS-1V6PRS-5LJ | Technical director | The SOUP anomalies have been identified in the R-TF-012-006 Lifecycle plan and report_2023_001, and in the DHF each requirement evaluated that SOUPs are compatible, SOUPs records (part of the DHF), compatibility testing to ensure SOUP modules work together and with other software elements | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | Revision of the design documentation including requirements and SOUP records (part of the DHF) where requirements and anomalies are evaluated and documented to ensure that the selected SOUPs were carefully analyzed and evaluated for compatibility during the design and development phases. | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||||
R-MQ1 | SOUP is not being maintained nor regularly patched | Cybersecurity | Overall degradation of device's performance |
| Misdiagnosis, delays in treatment and worsening of the patient's health status.; Users dissatisfaction and discomfort | Lack of process for regularly monitoring, maintaining or updating SOUP | AvailabilityIntegrity | PRS-1V6PRS-4QW | Manufacturer | 4 | 3 | 12 | B | During the design and development of the device we evaluate that the SOUPs involved are up to date regularly patched and maintained according to the process described in the software lifecyce plan and report (R-TF-012-006) | PRS-1V6PRS-4QW | Technical director | In the DHF each requirement evaluates that the SOUPs involved are up to date, regularly patched and maintained, SOUPs records (part of the DHF), R-TF-012-006 Lifecycle plan and report_2023_001 (section `SOUP maintenance`) | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | Revision of the design documentation including requirements and SOUP records (part of the DHF) where requirements and anomalies are evaluated and documented to ensure that the selected SOUPs were carefully analyzed and evaluated for compatibility during the design and development phases. | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | T-024-006-SOP-001T-024-006-SOP-003 | T-024-007-SBOM-001T-024-007-PAT-001 | ||
R-9SS | SOUP presents cybersecurity vulnerabilities | Cybersecurity | The SOUP can be attacked and corrupted causing device failure as it may have known vulnerabilities that could be exploited by malicious actors. |
| Misdiagnosis, delays in treatment and worsening of the patient's health status.; Users dissatisfaction and discomfort | Improper selection of SOUP, lack of process for regularly monitoring, maintaining or updating SOUP | ConfidentialityIntegrityAvailability | PRS-0MCPRS-2KQPRS-4QWPRS-7Z8PRS-9F2 | Manufacturer | 4 | 3 | 12 | A | We carefully analyze all the SOUPs selected during the design and development of the device according to the process described in the software lifecyce plan and report (R-TF-012-006). During the design review, we evaluated that these selected SOUPs have not had cybersecurity incidents related to them | PRS-0MCPRS-2KQPRS-4QWPRS-7Z8PRS-9F2 | Technical director | SOUPs records containing evaluation in terms of cybersecurity (part of the DHF), R-TF-012-006 Lifecycle plan and report_2023_001 (section `SOUP maintenance`) | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | Revision of the design documentation, including requirements and SOUP records (part of the DHF) where requirements and anomalies are evaluated and documented to ensure that the selected SOUPs were carefully analyzed and evaluated for compatibility during the design and development phases. | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | T-024-006-SOP-002T-024-006-SOP-004T-024-006-SUP-001 | T-024-007-SBOM-002T-024-007-CVE-004T-024-007-VUL-005 | ||
R-75L | Stagnation of model performance | Product Artificial Intelligence | The AI/ML models of the device becomes outdated or stagnates due to lack of continuous updates, retraining, or adaptation to new clinical data |
| This could lead to misdiagnosis; delays in treatment and worsening of the patient's health status; users dissatisfaction | Lack of design process for re-training of models | PRS-1XUPRS-2ZB | Manufacturer | 5 | 3 | 15 | A | We plan for re-training during the design and development process, data augmentation, post-market data collection | PRS-1XUPRS-2ZB | Technical director | The R-TF-012-006 Lifecycle plan and report includes a section called AI/ML model re-training that specifies re-training activities | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | R-TF-015-003 Clinical Evaluation Report (section: Post-market clinical investigations) | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||||
R-PWK | Degradation of model performance | Product | Automatic re-training of models decreases the performance of the device |
| This could lead to misdiagnosis; delays in treatment and worsening of the patient's health status. | Lack of proper strategy for model retraining | PRS-2ZB | Manufacturer | 5 | 3 | 15 | A | We specify that automatic re-training will not be used as a re-training strategy during the design and development process. Instead we plan for exclusively manual retraining, data augmentation, post-market data collection | PRS-2ZB | Technical director | The R-TF-012-006 Lifecycle plan and report_2023_001 includes a section called AI/ML model re-training that specifies re-training activities | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | R-TF-015-003 Clinical Evaluation Report (section: Post-market clinical investigations) | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||||
R-BXD | Insufficient knowledge to display electronic IFU | Usability Regulatory | Fail to properly display the instructions for use |
| User discomfort; dissatisfaction. Misdiagnosis; delays in diagnosis/proper treatment and worsening of the patient's health status. | Lack of information/requirement on how to access eIFU | ITP | Input authorization details | PRS-1V6PRS-1XU | Managing organisation | 3 | 3 | 9 | AC | IFU is designed in such a way that it is accessible via a dedicated and secure URL and it is also available in the website. The only requirement for accessing the eIFU is having internet connection. The users can access the IFU via any web browsers with any operations system. Upon user's request, we provide the user with IFU in paper format according to the internal procedure SP-001-001 eIFU management | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-9F2 | Technical director | IFU verification is recorded at R-TF-001-006 IFU and label validation 2023_001 and in TEST_011 to ensure that they include the information. SP-001-001 eIFU management | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||
R-33B | Electronic IFU are tampered | Product | Incomplete or incorrect information being provided to the users |
| User discomfort; dissatisfaction. Misdiagnosis; delays in diagnosis/proper treatment and worsening of the patient's health status. | Insuficient cybersecurity safeguards. Non-adhearance to best practices. | PRS-0MCPRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-2KQPRS-7Z8PRS-9F2 | Manufacturer | 3 | 3 | 9 | AB | IFU content and versions managed and stored using git. The IFU content can be edited only by using signed commits with GPG Keys, implementation of branch structure with approvals for merging changes and automated verification of code correctness and lack of bugs or errors before merge, secure stage of environment variables in Git repository, implementation of redundant backups, both in Git repository and deployment server. Implementation of a robust authentication systems for administrative access and a role-based access control (RBAC) framework for delineating user permissions | PRS-0MCPRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-2KQPRS-7Z8PRS-9F2 | Technical director | GP-001 Documents control explains the risk control measures implemented to achieve IFU data and content protection TEST_011 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | ||||||
R-ZNA | Electronic IFU and their paper copies are unavailable | Regulatory | Fail to follow instructions for use to integrate the medical device |
| User discomfort; dissatisfaction. Misdiagnosis; delays in diagnosis/proper treatment and worsening of the patient's health status. | Error in coding design for electronic IFU, no process for providing paper copies of the IFU to the clients | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-3YHPRS-5LJ | Managing organisation | 4 | 3 | 12 | AC | IFU designed and developed according to harmonized standards for medical device; IFU is designed in such a way that it is accessible via a dedicated and secure URL and it is also available in the website. The only requirement for accessing the eIFU is having internet connection. The users can access the IFU via any web browsers with any operations system Creation of a procedure for the management of paper copies of the IFU defining the process, responsibilities and timeline. The timeline is set taking into account the severity and the intended use of the device (support to diagnosis), and it is within 7 calendar days to reduce the harm of misdiagnosis, delays in proper treatment and worsening of the patient's health status. | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-3YHPRS-5LJPRS-9F2 | Technical director | IFU verification is recorded at R-TF-001-006 IFU and label validation 2023_001 and in TEST_011 to ensure that they include the information. Procedure for managing paper IFU's request (SP-001-001 eIFU management) | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 training on procedure (SP-001-001 eIFU management) for employees involved in the process | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable | |||||
R-K6L | Non-compliance with MDCG 2023-4 (software does not operate correctly with all intended hardware configurations - cameras) | Regulatory | Poor image quality due to inadequate resolution, lighting, focus or camera settings |
| Misdiagnosis; delays in treatment and worsening of the patient's health status. | Improper image acquisition, poor image capture conditions,Inadequate image processing algorithms | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-2ZBPRS-3YHPRS-5LJPRS-7XK | Managing organisation | 4 | 3 | 12 | AC | A requirement of the device defines the creation of a processor whose purpose is to ensure that the image have enough quality. In other words, an algorithm, similar to the ones used to classify diseases, is used to check the validity of the image and provides an image quality score. The device returns meaningful messages about the quality score of the images. This allows care providers to re-take a photo. The IFU contain a dedicated section on how to take pictures (section name: `How to take pictures`) and technical specifications of the camera (section: `Technical specifications`) We also offer training to the users to optimize the imaging process so that it is optimal for the device's operation. | PRS-1V6PRS-1XUPRS-2ZBPRS-3YHPRS-5LJPRS-7XK | Technical director | Verification is defined in TEST_009_Notify the user if the quality of the image is insufficient. TEST_007 verifies REQ_007. TEST_011 and R-TF-001-006 IFU and label validation verify REQ_012 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Acceptable | R-TF-015-003 Clinical Evaluation Report (sections: Validation and testing of machine learning models, Post-market Clinical investigations (with focus on clinical studies whose primary endpoint is improving diagnostic accuracy)) R-TF-012-015 Summative evaluation report_2024_001 | Not applicable (acceptable risk) | FALSE | TRUE | Acceptable |
Glossary of Columns
- ID: Stable unique identifier in the format "R-XXX" (letter R, dash, three alphanumeric characters). Persist this across revisions to preserve traceability and version history.
- Hazard or Use Error: Hazard or Use Error. A hazard is a potential source of harm (ISO 14971). A use error is an act or an omission by the user that causes a device response different from the one intended by the manufacturer or expected by the user (IEC 62366-1). Use the term that fits the risk's context.
- Type: One or more lenses that apply to this risk: Usability (human factors), Cybersecurity, Product (device safety), Regulatory, Artificial Intelligence. Select multiple when the risk cuts across lenses.
- Hazardous Situation or Vulnerability: If Type includes Cybersecurity, record the specific vulnerability that an attacker can exploit. Otherwise, record the hazardous situation, which is the circumstance that exposes people, property, or the environment to one or more hazards (ISO 14971).
- Foreseeable sequence of events: Foreseeable sequence of events. List the ordered, realistic steps—including reasonably foreseeable misuse—that can lead from the initiator to a hazardous situation and then to harm (ISO 14971).
- Harm: Potential injury or damage to health, or damage to property or the environment (ISO 14971). For AI‑related risks, also consider impacts on fundamental rights such as discrimination or undue bias when applicable (EU AI Act).
- Risk or Threat: Concise statement of the risk or the threat scenario. For risks in the ISO 14971 sense, think "combination of the probability of occurrence of harm and the severity of that harm." For cybersecurity, frame as "adversary capability exploiting a vulnerability leads to impact."
- Security (CIAA): Security properties affected: Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability, and Authenticity (CIAA). Required when Type includes Cybersecurity.
- User group: Intended user group for usability risks. Examples: Healthcare Professional (HCP) or Information Technology Professional (ITP). Optional for other risk types.
- User task: Specific task from the validated use scenarios that the user is performing when the risk can occur. Required for usability risks.
- Cause Requirement(s): Requirement codes (PRS-*) whose absence, defect, or violation could plausibly cause or contribute to the sequence of events.
- Affected Asset, Part or People: Assets, components, users, patients, or organizations that are impacted by the risk. Examples: patient, device, integration, managing organization, data set.
- Likelihood (Initial): Initial likelihood rating from 1 to 5. Interpret as the estimated probability that the hazardous situation will lead to harm before any controls. For cybersecurity, interpret as exploitability given exposure and attack preconditions.
- Severity (Initial): Initial severity rating from 1 to 5. Interpret as the magnitude of the foreseeable harm outcome before any controls.
- RPN (Initial): Initial Risk Priority Number from 1 to 25, calculated as Severity (Initial) multiplied by Likelihood (Initial). Use for prioritization; it does not replace ISO 14971 risk‑acceptability criteria.
- Control Opt (ABC): Chosen risk control option or options in the ISO 14971 priority order: A. Inherently safe design and construction; B. Protective measures in the device or in the manufacturing process; C. Information for safety and, when appropriate, training to users.
- Implemented mitigation measures: Implemented risk control measures and safeguards: design features, protective mechanisms, procedures, information for safety, training, and technical security controls.
- Mitigation or Control Requirement(s): Requirement codes (PRS-*) that implement the selected risk control measures to maintain full traceability.
- Responsible: Role accountable for planning, implementing, and verifying the risk control measures.
- Verification of implementation of risk control measures: Objective evidence that risk control measures have been implemented as specified. Examples: test protocols and reports, design reviews, configuration and release records.
- Severity (Controlled): Controlled severity rating from 1 to 5 after controls. Severity often remains unchanged unless the control reduces the potential magnitude of harm.
- Likelihood (Controlled): Controlled likelihood rating from 1 to 5 after controls. For cybersecurity, reflect the residual exploitability after mitigations.
- RPN (Controlled): Controlled Risk Priority Number from 1 to 25, calculated as Severity (Controlled) multiplied by Likelihood (Controlled).
- Residual risk evaluation: Residual risk band derived from the controlled RPN. 1 to 5: Acceptable. 6 to 12: As far as possible. 13 to 25: Not acceptable.
- Verification of effectiveness of risk control measures: Objective evidence that risk control measures are effective in reducing risk in the intended context. Examples: usability validation per IEC 62366‑1, clinical evaluation where applicable, cybersecurity verification and validation, penetration testing.
- Benefit-risk analysis: Benefit–risk analysis rationale. Required when the residual risk band is As far as possible or Not acceptable. Summarize the clinical or organizational benefits that outweigh the residual risk and explain why further risk reduction is not reasonably practicable.
- Risks arise from risk control measures?: Indicate whether the implemented controls introduce new hazards, hazardous situations, vulnerabilities, or use errors. If yes, create linked risk rows and evaluate them.
- Is risk control complete?: Confirm that all planned risk control measures have been implemented, verified, and shown effective, and that any secondary risks have been addressed.
- Overall residual risk acceptability: Overall residual risk acceptability. Record the management decision per the risk management plan's criteria, including any aggregated considerations and disclosure of residual risk. This is not derived solely from row completion.
- Threat Model Ref(s): References to the relevant threat‑model elements for cybersecurity risks. Examples: STRIDE items, attack trees, misuse cases, architecture nodes.
- Post-Market Plan Ref(s): References to production and post‑production monitoring activities that will detect, trend, or respond to this risk after release. Examples: human‑factors postmarket follow‑up, field security monitoring, incident response, complaint trending.